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https:\/\/www.ft.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/h2>\n\n\n
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\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"North<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Migrants<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201c.\u201d\"French<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guns for hire<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016 \u0625\u0646 “\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u0647” \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016: “\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646. . . ‘\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u062d\u0644. \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d. . . \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u061f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201d\"Mourners\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 43 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Extremists used Gaddafi\u2019s arsenal to expand their activities in the Sahel. It is \u201cstill to this day the largest uncontrolled stockpile of ammunition in the world\u201d, says David Lochhead, a senior researcher at the Small Arms Survey, who was one of the first UN peacekeepers deployed to northern Mali in 2013. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The west had not prepared for the immediate aftermath. And the EU has subsequently spent billions of euros in security, development and border aid across west and central Africa in order to stem the flow of migration. France spent more than \u20ac900m last year on Operation Barkhane<\/a>, its military mission to the Sahel, where it has had 5,000 troops stationed since it first intervened to crush the insurgency in northern Mali in 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No region has paid more than the Sahel itself, where thousands have been killed and millions displaced in spiralling violence that began with the fall of northern Mali after the return of thousands of armed mercenaries who had worked for Gaddafi.\"ActivistsActivists in Niger protest against the results of the presidential run-off this February. An attempted coup in the Sahelian state was thwarted just days earlier <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThere was all that concern [in 2011] \u2014 much of it justified \u2014 about what are you going to do about 14,000-15,000 well-trained men with nothing to do\u2009.\u2009.\u2009.\u2009coming into your territory, who are your citizens,\u201d says Bisa Williams, who served as the American ambassador to Niger between 2011 and 2013. \u201cIt created a swarm of people descending on sub-Saharan Africa, and those countries weren\u2019t prepared.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Northern Mali had long faced Tuareg rebellions. But \u201cwhat made it so potent this time\u2009.\u2009.\u2009.\u2009was that it became an opportunistic insurgency in some ways that [jihadist groups] linked on to\u201d, she says. \u201cAnd maybe that put in the minds of people that domestic insurgencies [and] domestic grievances could get more muscle from these groups that had more money and firearms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c[For some members] the attraction of the resources, the manpower, the training, were too hard to resist,\u201d says Williams. \u201cAnd so little by little, they affiliated themselves with Isis [and al-Qaeda].\u201d\"UNUN peacekeepers in Mali, where thousands have been killed and millions displaced in violence that began with the fall of the north after the return of thousands of armed mercenaries who had worked for Gaddafi <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9by\u2019s end<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

On the morning of April 20, as celebratory gunfire erupted on the streets of N\u2019Djamena to mark his victory in a sixth straight Potemkin election, Idriss D\u00e9by was already dead or dying<\/a> hundreds of kilometres from the capital. The Chadian strongman had been killed while visiting troops on the frontline of a firefight with a rebel convoy hurtling south from Libya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Western powers considered D\u00e9by their most important ally in the fight against Islamist terror group Boko Haram<\/a> in the area bordering north-east Nigeria. He had become even more essential to the French-led effort against jihadism in the Sahel. Chad\u2019s stability was so important to Paris that in 2019 it sent Mirage fighter jets to strike a rebel convoy heading for the capital. Yet the French did not intervene as the Libya-based Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) rebel column neared N\u2019Djamena earlier this year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cYou can\u2019t think about the transformation of the rebellions in northern Chad without looking at them in view of the Libyan civil war,\u201d says Eizenga. \u201cThe current instability and uncertainty in Libya \u2014 which is a direct result of Gaddafi\u2019s death \u2014 and the ongoing civil war have just opened up all kinds of opportunities for would-be mercenaries and other rebel factions.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cLibya has always been a key part of Chadian stability, and D\u00e9by said in 2011, \u2018look if Gaddafi goes, we\u2019re going to have a lot of trouble,\u2019 and I think he knew [what] that meant for him too,\u201d he adds. \"AA pick-up truck carrying migrants passes close to Agadez in Niger. Traffickers have increasingly had to take more dangerous routes north <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Back in Benin City, Kenneth Michael, who like Precious is part of a support group for returning migrants, pulls up a picture of an emaciated man on his phone. It is a shadow of himself. \u201cI came back in 2017 and I was half dead,\u201d he says. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

He had tried to cross the Mediterranean Sea three times during his two years in Libya. Each time, his rubber boat was caught by the Libyan Coast Guard, who put him in prisons that were, he says, little more than slave camps, where the guards forced him to call his family to wire money for his release or hired him out to farmers as slave labour for their fields. In the past eight months, 23,000 people have been intercepted at sea and returned to Libya, according to the IRC.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael is one of tens of thousands of victims handed over to smugglers and militias by the Libyan Coast Guard, which despite being accused of gross human rights violations is a key partner in the EU\u2019s anti-migration efforts<\/a>. Libya is now the source of up to 90 per cent of the people who cross the Mediterranean to Europe, according to UNHCR. The International Organization for Migration reports that 1,312 people have died<\/a> trying to cross the Mediterranean so far this year, more than double the number by this time last year and 20 per cent higher than the same period in 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cNow there is no law, so some people there [in Libya] live how they want to,\u201d says the 32-year-old. \u201cThis lack of governance and the population of Africans trying to go through\u2009.\u2009.\u2009.\u2009[the traffickers] saw they could make a lot of money, and that they could treat us however they wanted.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He stares vacantly at the picture on his phone, before adding: \u201cI can\u2019t describe what I went through in Libya.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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